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Cocco, A. G.

Publications and source records attributed to Cocco, A. G..

At least 19 records

Search for inelastic boosted dark matter with the ICARUS detector at the Gran Sasso Underground National Laboratory

We present the result of a search for inelastic boosted dark matter using the data corresponding to an exposure of 0.13 kton · year , collected by the ICARUS T-600 detector during its 2012–2013 operational period at the INFN Gran Sasso Underground National Laboratory. The benchmark boosted dark matter model features a multiparticle dark sector with a U ( 1 ) ′ gauge boson, the dark photon. The kinetic mixing of the dark photon with the Standard Model photon allows for a portal between the dark sector and the visible sector. The inelastic boosted dark matter interaction occurs when a dark matter particle inelastically scatters with an electron in the ICARUS detector, producing an outgoing, heavier dark sector state which subsequently decays back down to the dark matter particle, emitting a dark photon. The dark photon subsequently couples to a Standard Model photon through kinetic mixing. The Standard Model photon then converts to an electron-positron pair in the detector. This interaction process provides a distinct experimental signature that consists of a recoil electron from the primary interaction and an associated electron-positron pair from the secondary vertex. After analyzing 4,134 triggered events, the search results in zero observed events. Exclusion limits are set in the dark photon mass and coupling ( m X , ε ) parameter space for several selected optimal boosted dark matter mass sets and cover previously unexplored parameter space. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

ICARUS at the Fermilab Short-Baseline Neutrino program: initial operation

The ICARUS collaboration employed the 760-ton T600 detector in a successful 3-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratory, performing a sensitive search for LSND-like anomalous $\nu _e$ appearance in the CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso beam, which contributed to the constraints on the allowed neutrino oscillation parameters to a narrow region around 1 eV$^2$. After a significant overhaul at CERN, the T600 detector has been installed at Fermilab. In 2020 the cryogenic commissioning began with detector cool down, liquid argon filling and recirculation. ICARUS then started its operations collecting the first neutrino events from the booster neutrino beam (BNB) and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam off-axis, which were used to test the ICARUS event selection, reconstruction and analysis algorithms. ICARUS successfully completed its commissioning phase in June 2022. The first goal of the ICARUS data taking will be a study to either confirm or refute the claim by Neutrino-4 short-baseline reactor experiment. ICARUS will also perform measurement of neutrino cross sections with the NuMI beam and several Beyond Standard Model searches. After the first year of operations, ICARUS will search for evidence of sterile neutrinos jointly with the Short-Baseline Near Detector, within the Short-Baseline Neutrino program. In this paper, the main activities carried out during the overhauling and installation phases are highlighted. Preliminary technical results from the ICARUS commissioning data with the BNB and NuMI beams are presented both in terms of performance of all ICARUS subsystems and of capability to select and reconstruct neutrino events.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Implementation and optimization of the PTOLEMY transverse drift electromagnetic filter

The PTOLEMY transverse drift filter is a new concept to enable precision analysis of the energy spectrum of electrons near the tritium β-decay endpoint. Here, we detail the implementation and optimization methods for successful operation of the filter for electrons with a known pitch angle. We present the first demonstrator that produces the required magnetic field properties with an iron return-flux magnet. Two methods for the setting of filter electrode voltages are detailed. The challenges of low-energy electron transport in cases of low field are discussed, such as the growth of the cyclotron radius with decreasing magnetic field, which puts a ceiling on filter performance relative to fixed filter dimensions. Additionally, low pitch angle trajectories are dominated by motion parallel to the magnetic field lines and introduce non-adiabatic conditions and curvature drift. To minimize these effects and maximize electron acceptance into the filter, we present a three-potential-well design to simultaneously drain the parallel and transverse kinetic energies throughout the length of the filter. These optimizations are shown, in simulation, to achieve low-energy electron transport from a 1 T iron core (or 3 T superconducting) starting field with initial kinetic energy of 18.6 keV drained to < 10 eV (< 1 eV) in about 80 cm. This result for low field operation paves the way for the first demonstrator of the PTOLEMY spectrometer for measurement of electrons near the tritium endpoint to be constructed at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) in Italy.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Calibration of the liquid argon ionization response to low energy electronic and nuclear recoils with DarkSide-50

DarkSide-50 has demonstrated the high potential of dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers in exploring interactions of WIMPs in the GeV=c 2 mass range. The technique, based on the detection of the ionization signal amplified via electroluminescence in the gas phase, allows us to explore recoil energies down to the sub-keV range. We report here on the DarkSide-50 measurement of the ionization yield of electronic recoils down to ~180 eV er , exploiting 37 Ar and 39 Ar decays, and extrapolated to a few ionization electrons with the Thomas-Imel box model. Further, we present a model-dependent determination of the ionization response to nuclear recoils down to ~500 eV nr , the lowest ever achieved in liquid argon, using in situ neutron calibration sources and external datasets from neutron beam experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Overhaul and installation of the ICARUS-T600 liquid argon TPC electronics for the FNAL Short Baseline Neutrino program

The ICARUS T600 liquid argon (LAr) time projection chamber (TPC) underwent a major overhaul at CERN in 2016–2017 to prepare for the operation at FNAL in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. This included a major upgrade of the photo-multiplier system and of the TPC wire read-out electronics. The full TPC wire read-out electronics together with the new wire biasing and interconnection scheme are described. The design of a new signal feed-through flange is also a fundamental piece of this overhaul whose major feature is the integration of all electronics components onto the signal flange. Initial functionality tests of the full TPC electronics chain installed in the T600 detector at FNAL are also described.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Design and implementation of the new scintillation light detection system of ICARUS T600

ICARUS T600 is the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab (U.S.A.), which foresees three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The T600 detector underwent a significant overhauling process at CERN, introducing new technological developments while maintaining the already achieved performances. The realization of a new liquid argon scintillation light detection system is a primary task of the detector overhaul. As the detector will be subject to a huge flux of cosmic rays, the light detection system should allow the 3D reconstruction of events contributing to the identification of neutrino interactions in the beam spill gate. The design and implementation of the new scintillation light detection system of ICARUS T600 is described.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Study of space charge in the ICARUS T600 detector

The accumulation of positive ions, produced by ionizing particles crossing Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPCs), may generate distortions of the electric drift field affecting the track reconstruction of the ionizing events. These effects could become relevant for large LAr-TPCs operating at surface or at shallow depth, where the detectors are exposed to a copious flux of cosmic rays. We report a detailed study of such possible field distortions in the ICARUS T600 LAr-TPC has been performed analyzing a sample of cosmic muon tracks recorded with one T600 module operated at surface in 2001. The maximum track distortion turns out to be of few mm in good agreement with the prediction by a numerical calculation. As a cross-check, the same analysis has been performed on a cosmic muon sample recorded during the ICARUS T600 run at the LNGS underground laboratory, where the cosmic ray flux was suppressed by a factor $\sim 10^6$ by 3400 m water equivalent shielding. No appreciable distortion has been observed, confirming that the effects measured on surface are actually due to ion space charge.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Effective field theory interactions for liquid argon target in DarkSide-50 experiment

We reanalize data collected with the DarkSide-50 experiment and recently used to set limits on the spin-independent interaction rate of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) on argon nuclei with an effective field theory framework. The dataset corresponds to a total (16660 ± 270) kg d exposure using a target of low-radioactivity argon extracted from underground sources. We obtain upper limits on the effective couplings of the 12 leading operators in the nonrelativistic systematic expansion. For each effective coupling we set constraints on WIMP-nucleon cross sections, setting upper limits between 2.4×10-45 cm2 and 2.3×10-42 cm2 (8.9 ×10-45 cm2 and 6.0 ×10-42 cm2) for WIMPs of mass of 100 GeV/c2 (1000 GeV/c2) at 90% confidence level.

Agnes, P↗

Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon

Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, 39Ar, a ß emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric 39Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of 39Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of 39Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the 39Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly ?-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector.

Noble liquid detectors, Dark Matter detectors, Cry↗

Measurement of the ion fraction and mobility of 218Po produced in 222Rn decays in liquid argon

We report measurements of the charged daughter fraction of 218Po as a result of the 222Rn alpha decay, and the mobility of 218Po+ ions, using radon-polonium coincidences from the 238U chain identified in 532 live-days of DarkSide-50 WIMP-search data. The fraction of 218Po that is charged is found to be 0.37 ± 0.03 and the mobility of 218Po+ is (8.6 ± 0.1) × 10-4 cm2/Vs.

Agnes, P↗

New read-out electronics for ICARUS-T600 liquid argon TPC. Description, simulation and tests of the new front-end and ADC system

Here, the ICARUS T600, a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr-TPC) detector mainly devoted to neutrino physics, underwent a major overhauling at CERN in 2016-2017, which included also a new design of the read-out electronics, in view of its operation in Fermilab on the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) beam from 2019. The new more compact electronics showed capability of handling more efficiently the signals also in the intermediate Induction 2 wire plane with a significant increase of signal to noise (S/N), allowing for charge measurement also in this view. The new front-end and the analog to digital conversion (ADC) system are presented together with the results of the tests on 50 liters liquid argon TPC performed at CERN with cosmic rays.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DarkSide-50 532-day dark matter search with low-radioactivity argon

The DarkSide-50 direct-detection dark matter experiment is a dual-phase argon time projection chamber operating at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. This paper reports on the blind analysis of a (16 660 ± 270) kg d exposure using a target of low-radioactivity argon extracted from underground sources. Additionally, we find no events in the dark matter selection box and set a 90% C.L. upper limit on the dark matter–nucleon spin-independent cross section of 1.14×10 -44 cm 2 (3.78 × 10 -44 cm 2 , 3.43×10 -43 cm 2 ) for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c 2 (1 TeV/c 2 , 10 TeV/c 2 ).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Test and characterization of 400 Hamamatsu R5912-MOD photomultiplier tubes for the ICARUS T600 detector

ICARUS T600 will be operated as far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab (U.S.A.), which foresees three liquid argon time projection chambers along the Booster Neutrino Beam line to search for a LSND-like sterile neutrino signal. The detector employs 360 photomultiplier tubes, Hamamatsu model R5912-MOD, suitable for cryogenic applications. A total of 400 PMTs were procured from Hamamatsu and tested at room temperature to evaluate the performance of the devices and their compliance to detect the liquid argon scintillation light in the T600 detector. Furthermore 60 units were also characterized at cryogenic temperature, in liquid argon bath, to evaluate any parameter variation which could affect the scintillation light detection. All the tested PMTs were found to comply with the requirements of ICARUS T600 and a subset of 360 specimens was selected for the final installation in the detector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark-Matter–Electron Scattering from the DarkSide-50 Experiment

Here, we present new constraints on sub-GeV dark matter particles scattering off electrons based on 6780.0 kg d of data collected with the DarkSide-50 dual-phase argon time projection chamber. This analysis uses electroluminescence signals due to ionized electrons extracted from the liquid argon target. The detector has a very high trigger probability for these signals, allowing for an analysis threshold of three extracted electrons, or approximately 0.05 keVee. We calculate the expected recoil spectra for dark matter-electron scattering in argon and, under the assumption of momentum-independent scattering, improve upon existing limits from XENON10 for dark-matter particles with masses between 30 and 100 MeV/c 2 .

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Low-mass Dark Matter Search with the DarkSide-50 Experiment

We present the results of a search for dark matter WIMPs in the mass range below 20 GeV/c^2 using a target of low-radioactivity argon. The data were obtained using the DarkSide-50 apparatus at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS). The analysis is based on the ionization signal, for which the DarkSide-50 time projection chamber is fully efficient at 0.1 keVee. The observed rate in the detector at 0.5 keVee is about 1.5 events/keVee/kg/day and is almost entirely accounted for by known background sources. We obtain a 90% C.L. exclusion limit above 1.8 GeV/c^2 for the spin-independent cross section of dark matter WIMPs on nucleons, extending the exclusion region for dark matter below previous limits in the range 1.8-6 GeV/c^2.

Agnes, P↗

Electroluminescence pulse shape and electron diffusion in liquid argon measured in a dual-phase TPC

Here, we report the measurement of the longitudinal diffusion constant in liquid argon with the DarkSide-50 dual-phase time projection chamber. The measurement is performed at drift electric fields of 100 V/cm, 150 V/cm, and 200 V/cm using high statistics $^{39}$Ar decays from atmospheric argon. We derive an expression to describe the pulse shape of the electroluminescence signal (S2) in dual-phase TPCs. The derived S2 pulse shape is fit to events from the uppermost portion of the TPC in order to characterize the radial dependence of the signal. The results are provided as inputs to the measurement of the longitudinal diffusion constant DL, which we find to be (4.12 $\pm$ 0.04) cm$^2$/s for a selection of 140keV electron recoil events in 200V/cm drift field and 2.8kV/cm extraction field. To study the systematics of our measurement we examine datasets of varying event energy, field strength, and detector volume yielding a weighted average value for the diffusion constant of (4.09 $\pm$ 0.09) cm$^2$ /s. The measured longitudinal diffusion constant is observed to have an energy dependence, and within the studied energy range the result is systematically lower than other results in the literature.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DarkSide-20k: A 20 tonne two-phase LAr TPC for direct dark matter detection at LNGS

Abstract. Building on the successful experience in operating the DarkSide-50 detector, the DarkSide Collaboration is going to construct DarkSide-20k, a direct WIMP search detector using a two-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) with an active (fiducial) mass of 23 t (20 t). This paper describes a preliminary design for the experiment, in which the DarkSide-20k LAr TPC is deployed within a shield/veto with a spherical Liquid Scintillator Veto (LSV) inside a cylindrical Water Cherenkov Veto (WCV). This preliminary design provides a baseline for the experiment to achieve its physics goals, while further development work will lead to the final optimization of the detector parameters and an eventual technical design. Operation of DarkSide-50 demonstrated a major reduction in the dominant 39Ar background when using argon extracted from an underground source, before applying pulse shape analysis. Data from DarkSide-50, in combination with MC simulation and analytical modeling, shows that a rejection factor for discrimination between electron and nuclear recoils of > 3 × 109 is achievable. This, along with the use of the veto system and utilizing silicon photomultipliers in the LAr TPC, are the keys to unlocking the path to large LAr TPC detector masses, while maintaining an experiment in which less than < 0.1 events (other than ?-induced nuclear recoils) is expected to occur within the WIMP search region during the planned exposure. DarkSide-20k will have ultra-low backgrounds than can be measured in situ, giving sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon cross sections of 1.2×10 -47 cm2 (1.1×10 -46 cm2) for WIMPs of 1TeV/c2 (10TeV/c2) mass, to be achieved during a 5 yr run producing an exposure of 100 t yr free from any instrumental background.

Aalseth, Craig E.↗