High-Performance Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery with Mixed 2D and 3D Electrodes
It is well established that the miniaturization of batteries has not kept pace with the miniaturization of electronics. Three-dimensional (3D) batteries, which were developed with the intent of improving microbattery performance, have had limited success because of fabrication challenges and material constraints. Solid-state, 3D batteries have been particularly susceptible to these shortcomings. In this paper we demonstrate that the incorporation of a high conductivity, solid electrolyte is the key to achieving a non-planar solid-state battery with high areal-capacity and high power-density. The model, 2.5D platform used in this study is a modification of the more typical 3D configuration in that it is comprised of a cathode array of pillars (3D) and a planar (2D) anode. This 2.5D geometry exploits the use of a high conductivity, ionogel electrolyte (10 -3 S cm -1 ) which interpenetrates the 3D electrode array. The 2.5D battery offers high areal energy densities from the post array while the high-conductivity, solid electrolyte enables high power densities (3.7 mWh cm -2 at 2.8 mW cm -2 ). Here, the reported solid-state 2.5D device exceeds the energy and power densities of any 3D solid-state system and the derived multiphysics model provides guidance for achieving significantly higher energy and power densities.