Transformation of conventional transformers for enhanced DC mitigation in AC power networks with advanced grid support
Not Available
Nazir, Moazzam (ORCID:0000000337342891)↗
Engineering topics
Burkes, Klaehn
Publications and source records attributed to Burkes, Klaehn.
5G Enabled Energy Innovation: Advanced Wireless Networks for Science (Workshop Report)
Rapidly expanding, new telecommunications infrastructure based on 5G technologies will disrupt and transform how we design, build, operate, and optimize scientific infrastructure and the experiments and services enabled by that infrastructure, from continental-scale sensor networks to centralized scientific user facilities, from intelligent Internet of Things devices to supercomputers. Concurrently, 5G will introduce, or exacerbate, challenges related to protecting infrastructure and associated scientific data as well as to fully leveraging opportunities related to expanded infrastructure scale and complexity. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science operates scientific infrastructure, supporting some of the nation’s most advanced intellectual discoveries, spanning the country and including 30 world-class user facilities from supercomputers to accelerators. Along with field experiments and remote observatories, every aspect of DOE’s scientific enterprise will be affected by 5G, which amounts to a complete renovation of the underpinnings of the nation’s information infrastructure. In this report we explore the scientific opportunities and new research challenges associated with 5G, ranging from scalability to heterogeneity to cybersecurity. The rapid commercial deployment of 5G opens the opportunity to rethink and reinvent DOE’s scientific infrastructure and experimentation, from intelligent sensor networks at unprecedented scales to a digital continuum of cyberinfrastructure spanning low-power sensors, high-performance computing embedded within and at the edge of the network, and DOE’s large-scale user instrument and computing facilities. New programming paradigms, workflow and data frameworks, and AI-based system design, operation, and autonomous adaptation and optimization will be necessary in order to exploit these new opportunities. Field deployments and centralized scientific instruments can also be revolutionized, moving (without traditional performance penalties) from wired to wireless connectivity for data and control systems, improving flexibility, and opening new sensing modalities, including the use of the 5G electromagnetic spectrum itself as an environmental probe. For DOE science, in contrast to commercial 5G applications and settings, devices will be deployed in extreme environments such as cryogenically cooled instrument control systems and in remote settings with harsh conditions, requiring the design of new materials for RF communication and edge processing to operate in these regimes. Concurrently, 5G infrastructure comprises both hardware and sophisticated software systems - currently closed and proprietary. The cybersecurity challenges to 5G-empowered reinvention mirror the complexity and variety of new 5G features, from virtualization to private network slices to ubiquitous access. Research is also needed in order to accelerate the development of secure and open 5G software infrastructure, reducing reliance on hardware and software produced outside the United States and providing the transparency and rigorous evaluation and testing afforded through open software. Twelve broad research thrusts are laid out in four chapters, with a companion fifth chapter (and three additional research thrusts) underscoring the needs and opportunities for an aggressive testbed program co-designed by networking experts and scientists involved in the 15 research thrusts. The urgency of undertaking this research is fueled by a global, accelerating deployment of new telecommunications infrastructure that is designed for entertainment and commercial applications - barely scratching the surface of what 5G can do to extend U.S. leadership in scientific discovery.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Induction Heating for Tritium Storage Beds
Metal hydride beds used for storing hydrogen isotopes accumulate helium due to beta-decay of tritium. Helium alters the hydrogen capacity and plateau pressures of these storage beds and ultimately results in the beds being disqualified for use in tritium facilities. Removal of helium and hydrogen isotopes for disposal or storage bed regeneration can be achieved with sufficient heating; however, existing Gen 1 and Gen 2 storage beds are not designed to reach helium removal temperatures and face disposal challenges. In this report, we describe experiments and Multiphysics models that were used to develop a method to achieve induction heating of existing tritium storage beds using induction coils placed on the outside of the beds. The heating method involves low-frequency (< 100 Hz) induction heating through flexible solenoid coils that wrap tightly around the outer jacket of a tritium storage bed. This method of heating offers a pragmatic path to heat existing storage beds for metal hydride regeneration, helium removal for disposal, and possibly routine gas cycling operations.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
HEMP Transformer Defense Through Power Electronics
High altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) generated by exoatmospheric nuclear burst has the ability to affect the electric power grid. The main power grid components, cables and transformers, act as large antennas that have current induced in them from the HEMP. These currents are called geomagneticallyinduced currents (GIC), and they can occur during geomagnetic disturbances from HEMP or solar flares. HEMPs produce pulses with high electric field strengths that breakdown the dielectric of most electronics and, it is broken into three stages: E1 pulse with a microsecond width, E2 the falling trail of the pulse, and E3 a constant DC component. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has proven that transformers fitted with lightning arrestors do not receive damage from E1 and E2 pulses. However, the DC component of the E3 causes the transformer’s core to saturate and induce rapid heating that damages the transformer. SRNL is developing a power electronic system that is connected to the neutral of the high voltage side of large power transformers (LPT). This system will inject the inverse of the DC effect from the HEMP into the primary side of the transformer canceling out the E3 waveform and protecting the transformer from half-cycle-saturation. This year SRNL successfully simulated removing the DC injected and accurately simulated saturation on the transformer.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Induction Heating for Tritium Storage Beds (FY19 PDRD Project Summary Report)
Metal hydride beds used for storing hydrogen isotopes at the Savannah River Site are conductively heated and cooled to desorb and absorb gases during storage cycling. While several storage bed configurations have been utilized over the years, many achieve heating by utilizing electric cartridge heaters positioned laterally along the longest axis of the storage bed (FACE Gen 2 Beds). Others achieve heating and cooling through hot and cold nitrogen flow (Gen 1 Beds). While these beds/heating configurations are well-designed for storage cycling operations, it is unclear if they can be regenerated to operating conditions once too much helium has accumulated in them. Full regeneration of hydride beds occurs around 625 - 650 °C. It is unclear if the currently employed electric cartridge heaters in Gen 2 beds can reach these temperatures. Furthermore, since swelling can occur during routine heating operations, it is unclear if existing cartridge heaters in Gen 2 beds can be swapped for higher-power cartridges that can reach 625 - 650 °C . Similarly, nitrogen air flow (to the best of our knowledge) cannot cause Gen 1 beds to reach these temperatures. Thus, existing Gen 1 and Gen 2 beds need to be heated through an alternative method to removal helium, so the beds can either return to normal operation or be disposed of. The goal of this PDRD was to investigate if induction heating can be used for various heating processes involving hydride storage beds (e.g. regeneration, gas cycling, helium heel removal). In the original call for proposals, this PDRD fell under "Gas Processing" area of interest # 3: "Develop methods to deploy alternate ways to heat existing process equipment to minimize impact to glove box environment."
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗