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Bottura, Luca

Publications and source records attributed to Bottura, Luca.

The Muon Collider

Muons offer a unique opportunity to build a compact high-energy electroweak collider at the 10 TeV scale. A Muon Collider enables direct access to the underlying simplicity of the Standard Model and unparalleled reach beyond it. It will be a paradigm-shifting tool for particle physics representing the first collider to combine the high-energy reach of a proton collider and the high precision of an electron-positron collider, yielding a physics potential significantly greater than the sum of its individual parts. A high-energy muon collider is the natural next step in the exploration of fundamental physics after the HL-LHC and a natural complement to a future low-energy Higgs factory. Such a facility would significantly broaden the scope of particle colliders, engaging the many frontiers of the high energy community. The last European Strategy for Particle Physics Update and later the Particle Physics Project Prioritisation Panel in the US requested a study of the muon collider, which is being carried on by the International Muon Collider Collaboration. In this comprehensive document we present the physics case, the state of the work on accelerator design and technology, and propose an R\&D project that can make the muon collider a reality.

Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)↗

MuCol Milestone Report No. 5: Preliminary Parameters

This document is comprised of a collection of updated preliminary parameters for the key parts of the muon collider. The updated preliminary parameters follow on from the October 2023 Tentative Parameters Report. Particular attention has been given to regions of the facility that are believed to hold greater technical uncertainty in their design and that have a strong impact on the cost and power consumption of the facility. The data is collected from a collaborative spreadsheet and transferred to overleaf.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC)

The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accelerator complex, detectors and physics for a future muon collider. In 2023, European Commission support was obtained for a design study of a muon collider (MuCol) [3]. This project started on 1st March 2023, with work-packages aligned with the overall muon collider studies. In preparation of and during the 2021-22 U.S. Snowmass process, the muon collider project parameters, technical studies and physics performance studies were performed and presented in great detail. Recently, the P5 panel [4] in the U.S. recommended a muon collider R&D, proposed to join the IMCC and envisages that the U.S. should prepare to host a muon collider, calling this their "muon shot". In the past, the U.S. Muon Accelerator Programme (MAP) [5] has been instrumental in studies of concepts and technologies for a muon collider.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Superconducting magnets and technologies for future colliders

The implications of accelerator magnet R&D towards future colliders are reviewed and discussed. It starts with a brief overview of the present and future accelerator facilities which rely on the significant advances and innovations in key technologies. Then advances and needs for present key projects and studies are expanded on specific examples. This provides the lead to discuss the recent progress in accelerator magnet R&D and the future plans. We conclude with a summary of our view of the major development drivers and future perspectives.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

US HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project, Acceptance Criteria Part A: MQXFA Magnet

This document specifies the functional requirements for the MQXFA magnet readapted for the American contribution. If all the requirements specified in this document are met, then the U.S. HL-LHC AUP MQXFA deliverables will be accepted by CERN for the HL-LHC project. Another separate document will be issued by the American contribution for the MQXFA cold mass functional requirements. Please note that the definition of threshold as it is being used by the American contribution is not the same as objective, according to the HL-LHC quality policy.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Magnetic and Mechanical Design of a 15-T Large Aperture Dipole Magnet for Cable Testing

© 2019 IEEE. A large aperture Nb 3 Sn dipole is proposed to replace the magnet assembly of EDIPO, which was irreversibly damaged in 2016. The goal is to generate a background field of 15 T at 4.2 K in a clear aperture of approximately 100×150 mm 2 and over a uniform length of 1000 mm in order to test superconducting cables for both fusion and high-energy physics applications. The magnet features a block-type coil design wound with wide Rutherford cable (two alternative coil cross sections are considered) and supported by a mechanical structure based on keys-and-bladders technology. In the end regions, the coils tilt up (flare) through a hard-way bend of the cables to provide room for the test well, following a layout already adopted in the LBNL HD2 and CERN-CEA FRESCA2 magnets. The two considered coil design alternatives aim at minimizing the mechanical stress in the coil windings. One coil pack design makes the use of two double pancake coils per pole, whereas the other alternative features three double pancakes per pole. Both design options are presented focusing on the results of numerical computations carried out with finite-element models to investigate peak stresses in the coils during room-temperature pre-loading, cool down, and powering.

Sarasola, Xabier (ORCID:0000000324306939)↗

The 16 T dipole development program for FCC and HE-LHC

A future circular collider (FCC) with a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and a circumference of around 100 km, or an energy upgrade of the LHC (HE-LHC) to 27 TeV require bending magnets providing 16 T in a 50-mm aperture. Several development programs for these magnets, based on Nb$_3$Sn technology, are being pursued in Europe and in the U.S. In these programs, cos-theta, block-type, common-coil, and canted-cos-theta magnets are explored; first model magnets are under manufacture; limits on conductor stress levels are studied; and a conductor with enhanced characteristics is developed. This paper summarizes and discusses the status, plans, and preliminary results of these programs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Progress on HL-LHC Nb 3 Sn Magnets

The high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project aims at allowing to increase the collisions in the LHC by a factor of ten in the decade 2025-2035. One essential element is the superconducting magnet around the interaction region points, where the large aperture magnets will be installed to allow to further reduce the beam size in the interaction point. The core of this upgrade is the Nb 3 Sn triplet, made up of 150-mm aperture quadrupoles in the range of 7-8 m. The project is being shared between the European Organization for Nuclear Research and the US Accelerator Upgrade Program, based on the same design, and on the two strand technologies. The project is ending the short model phase, and entering the prototype construction. We will report on the main results of the short model program, including the quench performance and field quality. A second important element is the 11 T dipole that replaces a standard dipole making space for additional collimators. The magnet is also ending the model development and entering the prototype phase. A critical point in the design of this magnet is the large current density, allowing increase of the field from 8 to 11 T with the same coil cross section as in the LHC dipoles. This is also the first two-in-one Nb 3 Sn magnet developed so far. We will report the main results on the test and the critical aspects.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Conceptual Design of a Large Aperture Dipole for Testing of Cables and Insert Coils at High Field

© 2017 IEEE. Advances in the performance of low- and high-temperature superconductors enable the development of advanced magnets for a range of applications, including tokamaks for fusion energy, dipoles, and quadrupoles for hadron colliders, and solenoids for nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The capability of testing prototype cables and insert coils at high field is critical to these developments. We present here the conceptual design of a test facility dipole with features suitable to support the advanced magnet development efforts of both Fusion and HEP communities. In particular, a background field of 15 T is provided over a minimum homogeneous length of 1000 mm, and the magnet clear bore of approximately 144 × 94 mm can accommodate large fusion conductors as well as prototype coils for high field dipoles, along with flexible cryogenic and mechanical provisions for sample characterization. Two technical solutions are considered. The first uses a forced flow cable-in-conduit conductor and follows the design developed by EFDA for the EDIPO magnet. The second uses a bath cooled Rutherford cable and follows a block-coil design similar to the CERN FRESCA2 dipole, and the LBNL HD and LD1 dipoles. Following a comparison between the two approaches, we present two designs for the Rutherford cable approach including performance objectives, key parameters, and preliminary magnetic, mechanical and quench protection analysis.

Bruzzone, Pierluigi↗

Status of the 16 T Dipole Development Program for a Future Hadron Collider

A next step of energy increase of hadron colliders beyond the LHC requires high-field superconducting magnets capable of providing a dipolar field in the range of 16 T in a 50-mm aperture with accelerator quality. These elements could meet the requirements for an upgrade of the LHC to twice the present beam energy or for a 100-TeV center of mass energy future circular collider. Here, we summarize the activities and plans for the development of these magnets, in particular within the 16 T Magnet Technology Program, the WP5 of the EuroCirCol, and the U.S. Magnet Development Program.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Progress on the Development of the Nb 3 Sn 11T Dipole for the High Luminosity Upgrade of LHC

The high-luminosity large hadron collider (LHC) project at CERN entered into the production phase in October 2015 after the completion of the design study phase. In the meantime, the development of the 11 T dipole needed for the upgrade of the collimation system of the machine made significant progress with very good performance of the first two-in-one magnet model of 2-m length made at CERN. The 11 T dipole, which is more powerful than the current main dipoles of LHC, can be made shorter with an equivalent integrated field. This will allow creating space for the installation of additional collimators in specific locations of the dispersion suppressor regions. Following tests carried out during heavy ions runs of LHC in the end of 2015, and a more recent review of the project budget, the installation plan for the 11 T dipole was revised. Consequently, one 11 T dipole full assembly containing two 11 T dipoles of 5.5-m length will be installed on either side of interaction point 7. These two units shall be installed during the long shutdown 2 in years 2019-2020. After a brief reminder on the design features of the magnet, this paper describes the current status of the development activities, in particular the short model programme and the construction of the first full scale prototype at CERN. Finally, critical operations such as the reaction treatment and the coil impregnation are discussed, the quench performance tests results of the two-in-one model are reviewed and finally, the plan toward the production for the long shut down 2 is described.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Evaluation of critical current density and residual resistance ratio limits in powder in tube Nb 3 Sn conductors

High critical current density (Jc) Nb 3 Sn A15 multifilamentary wires require a large volume fraction of small grain, superconducting A15 phase, as well as Cu stabilizer with high Residual Resistance Ratio (RRR) to provide electromagnetic stabilization and protection. In Powder-in-Tube (PIT) wires the unreacted Nb7.5wt.%Ta outer layer of the tubular filaments acts as a diffusion barrier and protects the interfilamentary Cu stabilizer from Sn contamination. A high RRR requirement generally imposes a restricted A15 reaction heat treatment (HT) to prevent localized full reaction of the filament that could allow Sn to reach the Cu. In this paper we investigate recent high quality PIT wires that achieve a J c (12 T, 4.2 K) up to ~2500 A/mm -2 and find that the minimum diffusion barrier thickness decreases as the filament aspect ratio increases from ~1 in the inner rings of filaments to 1.3 in the outer filament rings. We found that just 2-3 diffusion barrier breaches can degrade RRR from 300 to 150 or less. Using progressive etching of the Cu we also found that the RRR degradation is localized near the external filaments where deformation is highest. Consequently minimizing filament distortion during strand fabrication is important for reducing RRR degradation. The additional challenge of developing the highest possible J c must be addressed by forming the maximum fraction of high J c small-grain (SG) A15 and minimizing low J c large-grain (LG) A15 morphologies. Finally, in one wire we found that 15% of the filaments had a significantly enhanced SG/LG A15 ratio and no residual A15 in the core, a feature that opens a path to substantial J c improvement.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quench protection studies of the 11-T Nb 3 Sn dipole for the LHC upgrade

The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system foresees additional collimators to be installed in the dispersion suppressor areas. Fermilab and CERN are developing an 11 T Nb 3 Sn dipole to replace some 8.33 T-15-m-long Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles providing longitudinal space for the collimators. In case of a quench, the large stored energy and the low copper stabilizer fraction make the protection of the 11 T Nb 3 Sn dipoles challenging. This paper presents the results of quench protection analysis, including quench protection heater design and efficiency, quench propagation and coil heating. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data from the 2-m-long Nb 3 Sn dipole models. Here, the validated model is used to predict the current decay and hot spot temperature under operating conditions in the LHC and the presently foreseen magnet protection scheme is discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Superconducting Magnets for Particle Accelerators

In this study, we summarize the evolution and contributions of superconducting magnets to particle accelerators as chronicled over the last 50 years of Particle Accelerator Conferences (PAC, NA-PAC and IPAC). We begin with an historical overview based primarily on PAC Proceedings augmented with references to key milestones in the development of superconducting magnets for particle accelerators. We then provide some illustrative examples of applications that have occurred over the past 50 years, focusing on those that have either been realized in practice or provided technical development for other projects, with discussion of possible future applications.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Superconducting Magnets

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75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗