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Blodget, H. W.

Publications and source records attributed to Blodget, H. W..

At least 19 records

Satellite mapping of Nile Delta coastal changes

Multitemporal, multispectral scanner (MSS) landsat data have been used to monitor erosion and sedimentation along the Rosetta Promontory of the Nile Delta. These processes have accelerated significantly since the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1964. Digital differencing of four MSS data sets, using standard algorithms, show that changes observed over a single year period generally occur as strings of single mixed pixels along the coast. Therefore, these can only be used qualitatively to indicate areas where changes occur. Areas of change recorded over a multi-year period are generally larger and thus identified by clusters of pixels; this reduces errors introduced by mixed pixels. Satellites provide a synoptic perspective utilizing data acquired at frequent time intervals. This permits multiple year monitoring of delta evolution on a regional scale.

Blodget, H. W.

Shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) investigations of the Canadian Shield - Summary report

The objectives and results of two imaging-radar experiments carried on a Shuttle mission with the purpose of studying the structure of crustal province boundaries and the effects of illumination geometry are reviewed. The primary geological objectives as well as the secondary technique-oriented objective are outlined, along with digital processing techniques. The tectonic relationships of structural provinces are analyzed, and data pertaining to the Kapuskasing Structural Zone is discussed. Fracture patterns and diabase dike swarms are assessed. Focus is placed on the utilization of multiple look directions and incidence angles and on digital image-enhancement techniques such as linear contrast stretch, low-pass filter for speckle reduction, modified Moore-Waltz edge enhancement, and coregistration and display of multiple look azimuths.

Masuoka, P. M.

Engima of a thermal anomaly - A TM/AVHRR study of the volcanic Arabian highlands

Discovery of a large thermal anomaly in the western Arabian highlands on Landsat TM imagery is reported. The anomaly, 15 C warmer than surroundings, forms a 2-km-wide arc around the southern flank of Jebel Chada, a volcano active in 1256 AD. It is recorded by AVHRR imagery as well, despite the 1.1-km spatial resolution of this sensor. Air photos and geologic maps show no bedrock unit that corresponds to the anomaly. Digital techniques were applied to the TM and AVHRR data, including contrast enhancement, density slicing, principal components analysis, and construction of multiband composite images. It is concluded that the anomaly results from a thin cover of volcanic ash or cinder that is optically indistinguishable from underlying basalt, rather than from internal (volcanic or hydrologic) heat sources.

Blodget, H. W.

Multispectral geologic remote sensing of a suspected impact crater near Al Madafi, Saudi Arabia

A multispectral Landsat TM image of a 6-km-diameter circular formation at Al Madafi in NW Saudi Arabia is interpreted by means of color-band composites, band ratios, and principal-components analysis to determine the nature of this feature. The geological characteristics of impact craters are discussed, and the satellite-image analysis techniques are described. Disruptions in the pattern of spectral signatures are seen in the Al Madafi formation and shown to be consistent with an impact origin.

Garvin, J. B.

Comparative techniques used to evaluate Thematic Mapper data for land cover classification in Logan County, West Virginia

Several digital data processing techniques were evaluated in an effort to identify and map active/abandoned, partially reclaimed, and fully revegetated surface mine areas in the central portion of Logan County. The TM data were first subjected to various enhancement procedures, including a linear contrast stretch, principal components and canonical analysis transformations. At the same time, four general procedures were followed to produce six classifications as a means of comparing the techniques involved. Preliminary results show that various feature extraction/data reduction techniques provide classification results equal or superior to the more straightforward unsupervised clustering technique. Analyst interaction time for labelling clusters is reduced using the canonical analysis and principal components procedures, though the canonical technique has clearly produced better results to date.

Brumfield, J. O.

Multispectral, thermal infrared satellite data for geologic applications

The value of multispectral thermal infrared satellite data for geologic mapping was assessed, applying the principal component and canonical analysis techniques to the images of the central part of the Arabian Peninsula (a 200 x 300 km area). Low resolution thermal infrared (TIR) data from the Nimbus 5 Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer (SCMR) and the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) were used. Color images included an 8.8 micrometer (SCMR) and 3.7 and 10.8 micrometer (AVHRR-night) data, ratioed AVHRR day/night TIR data, ratioed AVHRR reflected radiation data, and transformed 8- and 10-band TIR plus reflected radiation data. The results clearly demonstrated the potential geologic value of multispectral TIR data. Igneous and metamorphic units could be separated as a class (although not from each other except for young calc-alkaline granites). Some previously unmapped extensions of mapped faults below thick sedimentary units could be delineated. No single enhancement technique displayed all the potential information, implying that they should be used together.

Blodget, H. W.

Enhanced rock discrimination using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data

The application of TM data to rock discrimination is discussed. Sixteen specific terrains derived from geologic maps are examined on TM images of the Arabian shield obtained on Apr. 14, 1984; visual enhancement procedures are applied to the images. The rock types observed in the test site are described; the major sedimentary formations in the test area are laterite and sandstone. The data reveal that the layered rocks in the outcrop consist of a variety of metamorphosed volcanics, metamorphosed sediments, and amphibolite, and the intrusive complex is composed of several classes of mafic and acidic rocks.

Blodget, H. W.

Thermal infrared satellite data for the study of tectonic features

Multispectral thermal infrared data from the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) have been processed to evaluate their potential for mapping tectonic features. Day/night ratio data from 3 thermal bands between 3.7 and 12.0 microns were used to construct a thermal infrared color image that emphasizes heat retention differences in surface materials as a function of wavelength. The study area is an arid region of the Arabian Peninsula where lithologic units are widely exposed to satellite detectors. In spite of the coarse resolution of 1.1 km at nadir, the image of emitted radiation data contains prominent features that appear to relate to fault systems, unmapped extensions of fault systems, and drainage patterns that are lacking in AVHRR reflected radiation data.

Andre, C. G.

Age discrimination among basalt flows using digitally enhanced LANDSAT imagery

Digitally enhanced LANDSAT MSS data were used to discriminate among basalt flows of historical to Tertiary age, at a test site in Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Spectral signatures compared favorably with a field-defined classification that permits discrimination among five groups of basalt flows on the basis of geomorphic criteria. Characteristics that contributed to age definition include: surface texture, weathering, color, drainage evolution, and khabrah development. The inherent gradation in the evolution of geomorphic parameters, however, makes visual extrapolation between areas subjective. Therefore, incorporation of spectrally-derived volcanic units into the mapping process should produce more quantitatively consistent age groupings.

Blodget, H. W.

Final Comparison of TM and MSS Data for Surface Mine Assessment in Logan County, West Virginia

A variety of classifications during both raw and transformed MSS and TM data sets from 4 September 1982 were performed for the Logan County, West Virginia study area. The object was to compare the utility of TM and MSS data for delineating small, irregular ground features, particularly surface mines, and also to test data reduction/transformation techniques (band selection, canonical analysis, and principal components) in relation to a traditional means of unsupervised classification. Statistical results demonstrate that, on the average, the TM classifications yielded an overall .53 factor of improvement relative to the MSS classifications. When the accuracies for only three minor (in terms of areal extent) land use categories are examined, the factor of improvement for TM over MSS increases to 1.48; i.e., the TM is nearly one and one-half times better than the MSS for delineating small and irregular ground features such as contour strip mines.

Witt, R. G.

Structural investigation of the Canadian Shield by orbital radar and LANDSAT

Canadian Shield were studied by orbital radar. The primary objective of the study is scientific: to investigate and clarify the tectonic relationships of the Churchill, Superior, and Grenville Provinces, concentrating on their geologic boundaries, the Nelson and Grenvill Fronts. Theories about its origin range from in-situ regional metamorphism to tectonic sutures resulting from terrain accretion. The SIR-B investigation clarifies this problem. Secondary objectives are technique development, and include: (1) evaluation of the use of orbital radar in high altitude Precambrian terrains; (2) evaluation of look-azimuth biasing in radar and LANDSAT imagery; and (3) investigation of the synergistic use of radar, LANDSAT, and geophysical data in Precambrian studies.

Lowman, P. D., Jr.

Structural investigation of the Grenville Province by radar and other imaging and nonimaging sensors

The structural investigation of the Canadian Shield by orbital radar and LANDSAT, is outlined. The area includes parts of the central metasedimentary belt and the Ontario gneiss belt, and major structures as well-expressed topographically. The primary objective is to apply SIR-B data to the mapping of this key part of the Grenville orogen, specifically ductile fold structures and associated features, and igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock (including glacial and recent sediments). Secondary objectives are to support the Canadian RADARSAT project by evaluating the baseline parameters of a Canadian imaging radar satellite planned for late in the decade. The baseline parameters include optimum incidence and azimuth angles. The experiment is to develop techniques for the use of multiple data sets.

Lowman, P. D., Jr.

Automatic terrain elevation mapping and registration

Optimum radar illumination geometries for stereoscopic analysis of surface topography are determined. Correlation and image processing experiments on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for improved information extraction are conducted. Model of the geometry of the multiple SIR-B views of the Earth are developed the sensitivity of the derived terrain altitude data to the various system parameters is established. The limits of accuracy of terrain data achievable with shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) are derived. Algorithms for matching multiple SIR-B images to generate digital terrain maps are developed. Finally, the use of such terrain maps in geometric correction and registration of SIR-B and LANDSAT Thematic Mapper data is demonstrated.

Ramapriyan, H. K.

Landsat in the search for Appalachian hydrocarbons

A study has been conducted to determine the applicability of enhanced Landsat imagery for oil and gas exploration in Appalachia. Attention was given to the feasibility to employ lineaments identified on Landsat imagery as a tool in petroleum exploration. Lineaments, as defined in this connection, are linear or sublinear traces seen on Landsat imagery. They frequently reflect subsurface geological structures. The investigation was conducted in two stages. The first was designed to identify the specific Landsat imagery enhancement best suited for displaying lineaments. The second stage consisted of plotting lineaments and conducting an analysis of the lineament trends with regard to both local geological structure and regional tectonics. A close relationship was observed between lineaments identified on Landsat imagery and known oil and gas reservoirs. This result suggests that lineaments can be related to the structural control of oil and gas reservoirs throughout Appalachia.

Blodget, H. W.

ERRSAC contributions to the search for Appalachian hydrocarbons

The utility of lineaments identified on LANDSAT imagery as an exploration tool in the search for hydrocarbons within three Appalachian test sites were assessed. The optimum LANDSAT imagery enhancement technique for displaying lineaments was identified. The LANDSAT lineament data were analyzed and results were correlated with oil and gas field information for each of three tests sites. Good correlations were found for several states. Successful techniques can be incorporated into a broader exploration model.

Blodget, H. W.

Discrimination of rock classes and alteration products in southwestern Saudi Arabia with computer-enhanced LANDSAT data

Digital LANDSAT MSS data for an area in the southwestern Arabian Shield were computer-enhanced to improve discrimination of rock classes, and recognition of gossans associated with massive sulphide deposits. The test area is underlain by metamorphic rocks that are locally intruded by granites; these are partly overlain by sandstones. The test area further includes the Wadi Wassat and Wadi Qatan massive sulphide deposits, which are commonly capped by gossans of ferric oxides, silica, and carbonates. Color patterns and boundaries on contrast-stretched ratio color composite imagery, and on complementary images constructed using principal component and canonical analyses transformations, correspond exceptionally well to 1:100,000 scale field maps. A qualitative visual comparison of information content showed that the ratio enhancement provided the best overall image for identification of rock type and alteration products.

Blodget, H. W.

Geological mapping in northwestern Saudi Arabia using LANDSAT multispectral techniques

Various computer enhancement and data extraction systems using LANDSAT data were assessed and used to complement a continuing geologic mapping program. Interactive digital classification techniques using both the parallel-piped and maximum-likelihood statistical approaches achieve very limited success in areas of highly dissected terrain. Computer enhanced imagery developed by color compositing stretched MSS ratio data was constructed for a test site in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Initial results indicate that several igneous and sedimentary rock types can be discriminated.

Blodget, H. W.

Geological mapping in northwestern Saudi Arabia using LANDSAT multispectral techniques

Various computer enhancement and data extraction systems using LANDSAT data were assessed and used to complement a continuing geologic mapping program. Interactive digital classification techniques using both the maximum-likelihood and thresholding statistical approaches achieve very limited success in areas of highly dissected terrain. Computer enhanced imagery developed by color compositing stretched MSS ratio data was constructed for a test site in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Initial results indicate that several igneous and sedimentary rock-types can be discriminated.

Blodget, H. W.